Marriage and Slavery

Marriage and Slavery Free Online Research Papers One keeps an eye on drink is another keeps an eye on poison! There are numerous contrasts among marriage and servitude, yet I accept that marriage in numerous designs is entirely practically identical to subjugation. People that craving marriage, instead of having long haul monogamous duties on great confidence, need to be slaves and to have a slave consequently. Marriage is tantamount to subjugation due to the crazy, not trust yet â€Å"demand† of supreme monogamy, implemented by the lawful framework on punishment of losing property and being stamped authoritatively as a miscreant; but since like a slave, what is your property turns into their property. In a specific way the loss of distinction adds up to fundamentally the same as sentiments of commitment and penance that can be related with servitude. The issue, through my eyes, starts with individuals inescapably seeking after marriage as an objective. In spite of their more advantageous needs and wants, this social infection running out of sight is wrecking their program. As opposed to searching for a perfect accomplice they look for a slave, which implies they will search out somebody who triggers reliance in excess of an aware relationship. Shockingly thus individuals will in general settle, which at last prompts misery and sentiments of disappointment. There are folks hitched to ladies who deny them of sex and treat them like cash machines. Consequently, those folks will in general defy the frightened guideline of monogamy because of stirred up sentiments and in this manner an absence of positive correspondence. By and large, there are ladies who are hitched to folks that deny them of straightforward opportunities. For instance, they may not be permitted to connect with specific individuals of their loved ones because of sent iments of frailty. Spouses feel that the wives would be conditioned into leaving despite the fact that there were no authentic motivations to do as such. My folks chiefly got lawfully wedded because of the way that they were pregnant with me, but since of this game plan; it cost my mom an actual existence time of companions and individual objectives. I would suspect that a slave likewise forfeits individual objectives, family, and companions. Marriage is a three-ring bazaar: wedding band, wedding band, and languishing! Love will be love, and marriage is neither love nor an outflow of adoration; it’s a legitimate agreement. Those, for whom marriage is really significant, dont require an agreement of any kind to share the sentiments and feelings related with marriage. They additionally share center morals and values and dont treat each other like slaves. They regard each other as people with decisions, one decision of which is to leave. There are individuals that have been together for various years being selective to just each other with no agreements, services, or whatever else related with the possibility of marriage. Their connections are sound, cherishing, and satisfying. When inquired as to why they decide to keep the relationship untitled by the name of marriage, their answer is basically â€Å"we love each other profoundly and we needn't bother with any proper game plan to communicate our affections for one another.† The inquiry is, is it actually this straightforward? I trust it is and don’t see the need to muddle things. Marriage fills certain needs, fundamentally legitimate, and gives numerous common advantages to individuals who do as such; like tax reductions, lodging benefits, and some of the time military advantages. In general, marriage doesn't establish anything besides an agreement between two consenting individuals. There is a distinction with regards to bondage, as in the slave is definitely not a consenting gathering. In any case, if you’re blinded by deceiving sentiments and feelings when entering a marriage there is a solid chance that much like a slave you will acquire sentiments of bondage and languishing. As the truism goes, â€Å"be cautious for what you wish for.† Examination Papers on Marriage and SlaveryHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Extended Essay Topics: Microeconomics Extended Essay Topics

Extended Essay Topics: Microeconomics Extended Essay TopicsMicroeconomics is the study of individual and household production and consumption. A full program of this type involves the study of consumer behavior in economic exchanges. In the extended essay, you will not only study the different policies that are used to manage a country's economy. You will also examine the origins of the world's monetary systems, their implications, and their effects on current economic conditions.The extended essay topics often go beyond the textbook and are more complex in nature. They are designed to allow students to expand their knowledge and earn a degree in microeconomics. A majority of the online institutions that offer the course to teach it in this manner.You will learn about the family and how it all functions in the family unit. You will explore how an individual or family can change the way they live. You will learn how everyone in the family interacts and what decisions they make togethe r. You will also study how the family affects the community and other people in that community.The materials used for the class also include information about wages, hours worked, and income level. Your money comes from your earnings and how you use it. You will understand how a business makes profits and how to use it to earn extra income. You will learn how to save your earnings so that you will have money when you need it.You will also study how income is distributed among your family history, the number of generations in the family, and the age distribution of your family. These are all part of the complicated definition of economics that determines how the economy works. When you learn how your family functions and what influences the family, you will be able to understand how the entire economy operates.You will be able to identify how economics affects the political and social world as well. You will see how economic policies and laws affect the overall social structure. And you will understand how these policies and laws will affect the economy.A great example of how it effects the family circumstances is how it affects how they save. Saving enables people to meet life's needs and aspirations. It is the foundation on which any economy or society rests.The family dynamics can have an impact on society at large. It can be seen in how crime rates are controlled. When a family cannot meet its basic needs, crime rates will rise. And when money becomes a problem, this can contribute to social and political problems.

Biography of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England

History of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England Elizabeth Woodville (1437â€June 7 or 8, 1492, and referred to differently as Lady Gray, Elizabeth Gray, and Elizabeth Wydevill) was the ordinary citizen spouse of Edward IV, who had a keyâ role in the War of the Roses and in the progression fight between the Plantagenets and Tudors. She is most popular today as a character in Shakespeares Richard III (as Queen Elizabeth) and the title character in the 2013 TV series The White Queen. Quick Facts: Elizabeth Woodville Known For: An average person who was bound to become wife of Edward IV, mother of Edward V, sister-in-law of Richard III, relative of Henry VII and grandma of Henry VIIIBorn: About 1837 in Grafton, country NorthamptonshireParents: Jacquetta, Duchess of Bedford and Sir Richard WoodvilleDied: June 7 or 8, 1492.Spouse(s): Sir John Gray (ca. 1450â€1461); Edward IV (1464â€1483)Children: Two with John Gray (Thomas Gray (Marquess of Dorset) and Richard Gray) and 10 with Edward IV (Elizabeth of York who wedded Henry VII; Mary; Cecily; Edward V; Margaret; Richard; Anne who wedded Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey); George; Catherine who wedded William Courtney, Earl of Devon; and Bridget. The two rulers in the pinnacle were Richard and Edward V Early Life Elizabeth Woodville was most likely conceived at Grafton in country Northamptonshire, England, around 1437, the oldest of the 12 offspring of Richard Woodville and Jacquetta de Luxembourg. Elizabeths mother Jacquetta was the little girl of a Countâ and a relative of Simon de Montfort and his better half Eleanor, the girl of Englands King John. Jacquetta was the well off and childless widow of the Duke of Bedford, sibling of Henry V, when she wedded Sir Richard Woodville. Her sister-in-law Catherine of Valois additionally wedded a man of lower station after she was bereft. Two ages later, Catherines grandson Henry Tudor wedded Jacquettas granddaughter, Elizabeth of York. Jacquettas second spouse and Elizabeths father was the less aristocratic region knight Sir Richard Woodville. At 7 years old, Elizabeth was sent to another landed family (a custom of the period was to exchange youngsters with the goal that they would have social contacts later on), most likely Sir Edward Gray and his better half Elizabeth, Lady Ferrers. There, she had formal exercises in perusing, writing (in English, French, and Latin), and an establishing in law and science. The Woodville family was affluent when Elizabeth was conceived, yet as the Hundred Years War slowed down and the Wars of the Roses strife started, the familys accounts became perplexed, and therefore, Elizabeth wedded John Gray (seventh Baron Ferrers of Groby) in 1452 when she was around 14 years old. The as of late knighted Gray was killed at the Second Battle of St. Albans in 1461, battling for the Lancastrian side in the Wars of the Roses. Elizabeth requested of Lord Hastings, Edwards uncle, in a debate over land with her relative. She orchestrated a marriage between one of her children and one of Hastings girls. Parentage Eleanor of Aquitaine, mother of King John of England, was the eighth distant grandma of Elizabeth Woodville through her mom Jacquetta. Her spouse Edward IV and child in-law Henry VII were, obviously, additionally relatives of Eleanor of Aquitaine. Elizabeth Woodville  Jacquetta of Luxembourgâ Margherita del Balzo Sueva Orsini Nicola Orsini Roberto Orsini Anastasia de Montfort Guy de Montfort Eleanor Plantagenet John of England Eleanor of Aquitaine Meeting and Marriage with Edward IV How Elizabeth met Edward isn't known for certain, however an early legend makes them appeal him by holding up with her children underneath an oak tree. Another story flowed that she was a sorceress who charmed him, yet she may have basically known him from court. Legend makes them give Edward, a known womanizer, a final proposal that they must be hitched or she would not submit to his advances. On May 1, 1464, Elizabeth and Edward wedded covertly. Edwards mother, Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, and Cecilys nephew, the Earl of Warwick who had been a partner of Edward IV in winning the crown, had been organizing a reasonable marriage for Edward with the French lord. At the point when Warwick got some answers concerning Edwards union with Elizabeth Woodville, Warwick betrayed Edward and reestablished Henry VI quickly to control. Warwick was executed fighting as were Henry and his child, and Edward came back to control. Elizabeth Woodville was delegated Queen in Westminster Abbey on May 26, 1465; both of her folks were available for the service. Elizabeth and Edward had three children and six girls Elizabeth of York who wedded Henry VII; Mary; Cecily; Edward V, quickly King of England (not delegated); Margaret; Richard, Duke of York; Anne who wedded Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey; George, Duke of Bedford; Catherine who wedded William Courtney, Earl of Devon; and Bridget. Elizabeth likewise had two children by her first spouse Thomas Gray, the Marquis of Dorset and Richard Gray. One was a precursor of the disastrous Lady Jane Gray. Family Ambitions Her broad and, apparently, aspiring family was supported intensely after Edward took the royal position. Her oldest child from her first marriage, Thomas Gray, was made Marquis Dorset in 1475. Elizabeth advanced the fortunes and progression of her family members, even at the expense of her prevalence with the nobles. In one of the most shocking occurrences, Elizabeth may have been behind the marriage of her sibling, 19 years of age, to the widowed Katherine Neville,â the well off Duchess of Norfolk, 80 years of age. Be that as it may, the getting a handle on notoriety was improved or made firstâ by Warwick in 1469 and later by Richard III, who had theirâ own explanations behind needing Elizabeths and her familys notorieties to be decreased. Among her different exercises, Elizabeth proceeded with her antecedents backing of Queens College. Widowhood At the point when Edward IV kicked the bucket unexpectedly on April 9, 1483, Elizabeths fortunes suddenly changed. Her spouses sibling Richard of Gloucester was delegated Lord Protector since Edwards oldest child Edward Vâ was a minor. Richard moved rapidly to hold onto influence, guaranteeing obviously with the help of his mom Cecily Neville-that the offspring of Elizabeth and Edward were ill-conceived in light of the fact that Edward had been already officially promised to another person. Elizabeths brother by marriage Richard accepting the position of authority as Richard III, detaining Edward V (never delegated) and afterward his more youthful sibling, Richard. Elizabeth took asylum. Richard III at that point requested that Elizabeth likewise turn over care of her little girls, and she went along. Richard endeavored to wed first his child, at that point himself, to Edward and Elizabeths most seasoned little girl, known as Elizabeth of York, planning to make his case to the position of authority progressively strong. Elizabeths children by John Gray participated in the fight to topple Richard. One child, Richard Grey,â was guillotined by King Richardsâ forces; Thomas joined Henry Tudors powers. Mother of a Queen After Henry Tudor vanquished Richard III at Bosworth Field and was delegated Henry VII, he wedded Elizabeth of York-a marriage organized with the help of Elizabeth Woodville and furthermore of Henrys mother, Margaret Beaufort. The marriage occurred in January 1486, joining the groups toward the finish of the Wars of the Rosesâ and making the case to the honored position progressively sure for the beneficiaries of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Sovereigns in the Tower The destiny of the two children of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV, the Princes in the Tower, isn't sure. That Richard detained them in the Tower is known. That Elizabeth attempted to orchestrate the marriage of her girl to Henry Tudor may imply that she knew, or if nothing else suspected, that the rulers were at that point dead. Richard III is for the most part accepted to have been liable for expelling the potential inquirers to the position of authority, yet some conjecture that Henry VII was dependable. Some have even proposed Elizabeth Woodville was complicit. Henry VII re-declared the authenticity of the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV. Elizabeth was the adoptive parent of the main offspring of Henry VII and her girl Elizabeth, Arthur. Passing and Legacy In 1487, Elizabeth Woodville was associated with plotting against Henry VII, her child in-law, and her share was seized and she was sent to Bermondsey Abbey. She kicked the bucket there on June 8 or 9, 1492. She was covered in St. Georges Chapel in Windsor Castle close to her better half. In 1503, James Tyrell was executed for the passings of the two rulers, children of Edward IV, and the case was that Richard III was dependable. Some later antiquarians have pointed their fingers at Henry VI. Actually there isn't a certain proof of when, where, or by what hands the sovereigns passed on. In Fiction Elizabeth Woodvilles life has fit numerous anecdotal delineations, however not regularly as the fundamental character. She seems to be, in any case, the principle character in the British arrangement, The White Queen. Elizabeth Woodville is Queen Elizabeth in Shakespeares Richard III. She and Richard are portrayed as severe foes, and Margaret curses Elizabeth with having her significant other and youngsters executed, as Margarets spouse and child were slaughtered by Elizabeths husbands supporters. Richard can beguile Elizabeth into turning over her child and consenting to his union with her little girl. Sources Baldwin, David. Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower. Gloucestershire: The History Press (2002). Print.Okerlund, Arlene N. Elizabeth of York: Queenship and Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2009). Print.

Duke University Early Decision Stats

Duke University Early Decision Stats December 13 Duke University has released its Early Decision statistics for the Class of 2019. Duke University has informed its applicants who will be members of the Class of 2019, who has been deferred, and who has been denied admission. In all, 3,180 students applied for admission via Dukes binding Early Decision policy. Of those 3,180 applicants, 26% gained admission. It marked the second most selective Early Decision round in the history of Duke University. We of course put quotes around most selective because a lower admission rate doesnt mean the university was more selective. It simply means the university was more successful at getting students to apply. After all, students with D averages and terrible SAT scores dont make an applicant pool more selective one bit. As weve been saying on our college admissions blog for years, words like these are all spin. And, love us or hate us, we dont stand for spin. Bill OReilly says his show is the no spin zone but love him or hate him he sure does have some conservative spin. We pride ourselves on no spin. Anyhow, according to an article on the 2019 Duke Early Decision stats  in Duke Today, Students admitted through Early Decision this year will represent 48 percent of next falls incoming class, which is expected to total 1,705 students. Of the 815 students offered admission, 652 will enroll in the Trinity College of Arts Sciences and the remaining 163 will enroll in the Pratt School of Engineering.  North Carolina, New York, California, Florida and New Jersey are the states with the greatest representation among students admitted through Early Decision. Students of color comprise 35 percent and international students make up nine percent of those admitted.  Last year, the university accepted 797 students through Early Decision. Dean of Undergraduate Admissions Christoph Guttentag said the increase in students admitted this year is a reflection of the quality of the applicants. If you were among the deferred students to Duke University, contact us today  to get started working on your letter of enthusiasm. Time is of the essence to get this letter in tip-top shape and get it into Duke. An ordinary letter just wont do. If you want to sway admissions officer to go to bat for you in the Regular Decision round if you want to stand out from the 598 students whose admission was deferred in Early Decision (and thats the number!) this letter has got to be exceptional. The letters of our students are, without question, exceptional.

Marriage By Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice

Hailey Shipp Mrs. Wilson Hon 11 24 March 2017 Marriages in the 19th Century For women in the 1800s, marriage was used to escape the uncertainty of the future, and was portrayed as an obligatory duty because women were entirely reliant on men. However, Jane Austen argued that people would marry strictly for money and stability, rather than true love. In Pride and Prejudice, she used Mrs. Bennet, Darcy, Mr. Bingley, and Jane as a way to introduce the topic of how society was during this era and the common misconceptions of stereotypes put on women. Women would marry these men to ensure that they would continue to have social and economic stability, and essentially have someone other than their parents to take care of them. Jane Austen†¦show more content†¦It is easy to conclude that Mrs. Bennet is not equipped enough for being the ideal woman that Gregory is so unbelievably fixated on describing and glorifying in his writing. She was an abominable woman who lived outside the social norms in complete ignorance. Mallory also shares these viewpoints by s aying, Mrs. Bennet is what most would call a ‘gold digger’. She s self-focused, and is known to make a fool of herself (Winger). Mrs. Bennet also ties into the theme that women would often marry for stability and security rather than true love. She is married to a man who was fixated on her looks and does not love or respect her. Mr. Bennet is conscious of his unsuccessful marriage and regrets marrying the prettiest woman without having to getting to know her beforehand. It was common for couples to marry quickly, hence why so many marriages at the time were shallow and fixated on wealth without taking their future happiness into consideration. Her beauty has deteriorated throughout the years, and Mr. Bennet quickly realizes her true character. He views her as an annoyance and belittles her every opportunity he receives. However, in modern society, Austen s opinion of marrying for love is now the standard. Austen uses Mr. And Mrs. Bennet s marriage as an argument that c ouples would marry for convenience andShow MoreRelatedMarriage in Jane Austen ´s Pride and Prejudice1399 Words   |  6 Pagestheir literary works. Jane Austen is only one example of this type of author who exemplifies a style of repetition by using repetitious themes. Theme is a very important literary element in any piece of literature. Themes teach the reader a life lesson, often times lending advice or a point of view. In Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, she uses themes which can also be found in other pieces of literature written by Austen. These themes deal with the subjects of; marriage, good breeding andRead MoreMarriage Vs. Love Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 1461 Words   |  6 PagesRomance 17 November 2015 Marriage vs. Love Jane Austen, author of Pride and Prejudice, wrote in an era where considerations of social class and economic status were central to the institution of marriage. This notion is demonstrated throughout the novel by exploring character’s ideas and definitions regarding love and marriage. The main character, Elizabeth, defies almost all stereotypes of early 19th century women in England. She, unlike Charlotte and Jane, believes that marriage is based around trueRead More Feminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, holds feminist views and uses the novel to show her opinions about womens issues. Pride and Prejudice is a personal essay, a statement of Jane Austens feelings about the perfect lady, marriage, and the relationship between the sexes. Jane Austens characters, plot, and dialogue are biased to reflect her beliefs. The biased process and importance of marriage are introduced with the first lineRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen799 Words   |  4 PagesMrs. Ricart English III A2 27 April 2015 Pride and Prejudice Society today puts a standard on marriage and makes sure that love is the reason for that marriage. In the novel, Jane Austen describes marriage as a benefit for social reasons rather than something true. Marriages are considered based on economic and social backgrounds. Austen shows how human feelings interact and are influenced by things that today would be considered morally wrong. Marriage is seen as a type of financial and socialRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1189 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature April 21, 2016 Jane Austen s use of Satire in Pride and Prejudice Set in Nineteenth-century England, Jane Austen s Pride and Prejudice is a satirical novel focused on the ideals of social class and marriage. Austen plays on social behavior to show a society in which a woman s character is of the ultimate importance. A lady is expected to behave in a specific way and breaking the set social norms can put her at risk of being ostracized. In the 1800 s there were very little financialRead More Essay on Love vs. Society in Pride and Prejudice943 Words   |  4 PagesLove vs. Society in Pride and Prejudice    Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice explores the English social standards during the early 1800s. It shows the emphasis on marriage, or, namely, whom you marry. This story consists of three marriages. 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Its themes and symbols are understandable to even the most modern of reader. One of the many themes is sisterhood, something that is focused on constantly throughout the novel. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel, finds many of her decisions to be based upon the actions of her sisters. Making sisterhood a main driving force. Whether they are confiding in each other for marriageRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1418 Words   |  6 PagesMa rriage is a fundamental topic in Jane Austen’s famous novel, Pride and Prejudice. Readers become invested in the lives of the Bennet sisters who are constantly dreaming of relationships. Still unknown, however, is Austen’s reason for writing this novel that is so extremely concentrated on marriage. Some critics believe that Austen wrote the novel to portray how different social classes affected the lives of women such as the Bennet sisters. Others, however, believe that the novel was writtenRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial stability. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen states that the desire for better social connections interferes with the workings of love through the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth to criticize the social class structure of the 19th century. Anxieties about social connections or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Jane Austen views love as something independent

George Saunders and Contemporary U.S. Life Essay - 1639 Words

George Saunders and Contemporary U.S. life Coming from an â€Å"unconventional† background, George Saunders is readily able to relate to the circumstances the everyday working laborer goes through (Wylie). However, Saunders has an advantage to spread out his ideas and concerns about life in the U.S. via his short stories and novellas. Because of neoliberalism and capitalism and its correlation to the huge wealth gap in the U.S. Saunders focuses his protagonists’ view from a proletariat standpoint, allowing the reader to see the life of consumerism has impacted our society. Saunders does not use conventional methods to portray this reality. Instead, Saunders emphasizes on the â€Å"absence† of certain moral human characteristics in order to take†¦show more content†¦While the narrator did show bits of compassion by giving Janet good reviews, the â€Å"absence† of that compassion in the end emphasizes how the need to take care of one and one’ s family, even at the cost of others, is necessary when life is overrun by an unfair separation of class. You could also take Jon and his brief abandonment of his wife and child. Growing up in luxury, Jon is reluctant to give up his life for the ‘outside world’ where â€Å"every morning these bummed-out looking guys in the plainest non-desginer clothes ever would trudge out and get into their junky cars† (In Persuasion Nation 47). Being kept in a building all his life as a commercial tester, Jon knows nothing of how to express himself without his gargadisk. Nonetheless, he doesn’t know how to support himself out in the world because everything to he needs to live in comfort is given to him. When his wife Carolyn wants to go â€Å"Out† because of their child, Jon is afraid to take that chance of being unintelligible and ‘designer’-less. Jon is dependent on what was given to him for lack of knowledge how to do what else. He was kept and t rained under one management, not allowed to experience anything else but luxury. Likewise, the absence of true, experienced, knowledge is underShow MoreRelatedThe United States Supreme Court2944 Words   |  12 Pagesby effectively affirming an assertion to explain the Constitution and subsequently supplant the Constitution as supreme law in the commonplace sequence of arbitration and by the end of his judgeship firmly supplanted the Supreme Court’s role in the U.S. system of government. 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Management A Systems Approach To Planning -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management A Systems Approach To Planning? Answer: Introduction Cost estimation involves the process of making an estimation regarding the cost of labor, material, infrastructure and the tools that should be incorporated to complete the project undertaken (Mislick Nussbaum, 2015). It is definitely one of the major responsibilities that project management must control with expertise. It can be considered as a driving force or better to say the impending factor that decides the future performance of the project (Pinto , 2015). Therefore, it is not difficult to realize the importance of the implementing proper cost estimation technique for managing a project with success. Difference Between Estimation And Target Or Goal : The words estimate is rather confusing and it is easily mistaken with target or goal. Estimation requires realistic assessment which involves facts related to the work previously conducted, as well as necessary resources , constrains and the environment closely associated with the project of interest. Whether Target or Goal can be attributed to the desired outcome or something that is committed or promised beforehand (Chih Zwikel , 2015 ). The author mentions that after the work is completed or result is obtained the estimation can be compared to the set goal or target to find necessary changes related to the origins of cost like work resources, workforce so that the modification can be done effectively. It is important to perform the estimation independently without any reference to the target and goal for better results. Once the outcome is revealed, it can then be altered by making necessary changes in the resources to meet the expectation of the set target as perfect as possible, but not before that. Preparing work responsibilities and necessary cost estimation: At the beginning of cost estimation procedure, the project is divided into smaller modules in terms of design, engineering, development and fabrication. Various team members under different work department related to the project meet with the team lead to decide corresponding team task and an estimated cost to execute the operations (Kerzner Kerzner ,2017). The work can be either completely developmental in nature or something that follows the existing or off- the-shelf (OTS) designs. The work based on the developmental model is usually difficult to execute as compared to the work based on OST , as the former requires expertise in terms of designing, testing and fabrication and as a result the cost estimation is often full of uncertainty which makes the it much more difficult to execute. Estimated cost is categorized into recurring and non recurring cost. Estimation cost can occur more than once during the project as it is associated with tasks which happens periodically, for example work related to testing and quality assurance. Non recurring cost is something that needs one time investment and happens only once in the project execution. To ensure better results there should be effective communication between the technical and financial team in order to better understand the estimation procedure and implement it successfully. Cost estimation techniques: To determine cost estimation four basic techniques are followed: opinion by expert, estimation with analogy, parametric estimation, and cost engineering (Tofallis , 2015). Opinion by expert: An expert opinion is referred to the estimation given by an expert who has an expertise in the particular field related to the project. However, expert opinion has some drawbacks as well. it is only useful when the project is in the conceptual phase. Apart from that expert opinion is also used when the topic of the project is not well defined or something that is unique and no similar project is conducted before from where ideas and comparison can be drawn to make decision. Estimation with analogy: An analogical estimation is prepared by making a thorough review of the cost management previously adopted in some projects similar in nature. This method can be adopted at any stage of the project execution (Idri , azzahra Abran , 2015). It is possible to assess general venture cost from the cost of a similar project; work bundle cost can be evaluated from similar bundle cost, practically equivalent to work packages; and errand cost can be evaluated from assignments that share similar structure. When a similar project is compared to evaluate cost estimation there can be difference between them in terms of time, scale ,location and complexity of the project. To make a successful estimation it is important to analyze those factors properly. As an example, if a project was performed 2 years before and a similar project needs to be executed one year from the present date, cost from the previous project needs to be adjusted for the inflation and price changes that may have occurred within the span three years. Parametric estimation: Parametric estimation is prepared with the help of empirical or mathematical model. Parametric estimation can be made with or without the help of an analogical project. The analogical project is usually taken into consideration when there is a need of cost scaling. However when the cost depends on the system or project parameters like volume , speed, capacity and performance, independent estimation is always preferred (Yang Li , 2015). Cost engineering: Cost engineering is another important aspect that decides the quality of cost estimation management. Cost engineering involves the analysis of cost , applied to individual cost categories related to the project works (Etienne et al. , 2017). The analysis is carried out in detailed manner to make the estimation more accurate and effective. The analysis follows bottomup approach by dividing the project into smaller activities or work modules which is further narrowed down into different cost categories . Even though the technique provides very accurate prediction, it is very time consuming which can be thought as a drawback of the process. Conclusion The cost estimation techniques gives a quantitative analysis of the cost related to the resources that is needed to complete the projects. It gives an initial overview of the cost requirement that is important to prepare an rough outline to give the cost management an structured direction. The effective cost estimation can give any project management the desired success it needs, still it is hard to execute as the process is full of uncertainty and needs expert insights. Like any structure cannot exist for long without strong foundation, project management also needs strong baseline in order to be successful. Cost estimation plays an prime role in creating that baseline which eventually leads to success of any project in any sector References: Chih, Y. Y., Zwikael, O. (2015). Project benefit management: A conceptual framework of target benefit formulation.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 352-362. Etienne, A., Mirdamadi, S., Mohammadi, M., Malmiry, R. B., Antoine, J. F., Siadat, A., ... Martin, P. (2017). Cost engineering for variation management during the product and process development.International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM),11(2), 289-300. Idri, A., azzahra Amazal, F., Abran, A. (2015). Analogy-based software development effort estimation: A systematic mapping and review.Information and Software Technology,58, 206-230. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mislick, G. K., Nussbaum, D. A. (2015).Cost estimation: methods and tools. John Wiley Sons. Pinto, J. K. (2015).Project management: achieving competitive advantage. Prentice Hall. Tofallis, C. (2015). A better measure of relative prediction accuracy for model selection and model estimation.Journal of the Operational Research Society,66(8), 1352-1362. Yang, J., Li, H. (2015). Dense, accurate optical flow estimation with piecewise parametric model. InProceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(pp. 1019-1027).

The Old Man And The Sea Essays (898 words) - Ichthyology, Fisheries

The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea The Nobelprize winning book: The old man and the sea, has been written by Ernest Hemingway and was published in 1982, though the original American print had been published in 1952. The title is exactly what the book is about. It is a short story. The story is written in one continuous whole and is written from the view of the writer, it is very realistic. The description of the setting are the dominating factor in this book. The author spends a lot of time, for describing the sea, and what takes place. There are a lot of dialogues in the book. Example: "Who gave this to you" "Martin. The owner" "I must thank him" "I thanked him already," the boy said. "You don't need to thank him." "I'll give him the belly meat of a big fish," the old man said. "Has he done this for us more than once?" "I think so" "I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us." The next fragment I find really representative for the whole book, because it is a fragment in which the old man is talking to himself, like he does all the time, and he is saying how great the fish is, which he does quite a few times too. "He is a great fish and I must convince him, he thought. I must never let him learn his strength nor what he could do if he made his run. If I were him I would put in everything now and go until something broke. But, thank God, they are not as intelligent as who kill them; although they are more noble and more able." The book is about an old man, who goes out fishing (his profession, not as a sport) one day. He decides to go really far out, before the sun comes up. Then one of his lines goes under, and he hooks the fish. But the fish is so strong, that he can't pull him up. The old man thinks that if he lets the fish pull his boat, a sailing-boat the size of a rowing-boat, the fish will go out of strength and die soon. But it's a very very strong fish and he keeps pulling for a day and a half. Then the fish gets out of strength and starts circling around the boat, a sign of tiredness. But when the fish is close to the boat the old man sees how big he really is, he thinks he is about 1500 pounds. But the old man stays cool and kills the fish with his harpoon. He ties the fish to his boat and puts out his sail, for his journey back home. As he travells back, many sharks eat from the dead fish, but the old man kills them as soon as possible. The old man kills the first sharks with his harpoon, but after he killed three sharks, the fourth shark takes his harpoon. Then he attaches his knife to an oar. He kills a couple of sharks with that construction, but after that, it doesn't last. The knife disappears in the sea. Then he only has one single oar to defend the big dead fish against the sharks. He managed to scare a few off by hitting them with the oar. But then it is too much for the old man. The sharks eat the whole fish, and when the old man came back in the harbor after two days at sea, he only has a carcas at his side. Almost the whole story takes place at the sea near Cuba. Just the beginning and the end the story takes place in a small poor fishermentown at the cost of Cuba. The people are very simple, there is a small caf near the harbor, but that's about it. The main character in the book is the old man. His name is really Santiago, but he is called "The old man". He spends his days with fishing and daydreaming about what he did in his life. He fished for all his life, and has seen many things. When he dreams, he always dreams about the lions he has seen on the African beaches. He is still strong for his age, and is very resistend. He has respect for the sea and the fish which live in it. Though he is simple, he is a wise man. He is a nice man, and I like him, because he respects the sea and the

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 The Immigration and Nationality Act, sometimes known as the INA, is the basic body of immigration law in the United States. It was created in 1952. A  variety of statutes governed immigration law before this, but they werent organized in one location. The INA is also known as the McCarran-Walter Act, named after the bills sponsors: Senator Pat McCarran (D-Nevada), and Congressman Francis Walter (D-Pennsylvania). The Terms of the INA The INA deals with Aliens and Nationality.  Its divided into titles, chapters, and sections. Although it stands alone as a single body of law, the Act is also contained in the United States Code (U.S.C.).   Youll often see references to the U.S. Code citation when youre browsing the INA or other statutes. For example, Section 208 of the INA deals with asylum, and it is also contained in 8 U.S.C. 1158. Its technically correct to refer to a specific section by either its INA citation or its U.S. code, but the INA citation is more commonly used. The Act kept many of the same immigration policies from earlier statutes with some major changes. Racial restrictions and gender discrimination were eliminated. The policy of restricting immigrants from certain countries remained, but the quota formula was revised. Selective immigration was introduced by giving a quota preference to aliens with much-needed skills and relatives of U.S. citizens and alien residents. The Act introduced a reporting system whereby all U.S. aliens were required to report their current address to the INS each year, and it established a central index of aliens in the U.S. for use by security and enforcement agencies. President Truman was concerned about the decisions to maintain the national origins quota system and to establish racially constructed quotas for Asian nations. He vetoed the McCarran-Walter Act because he regarded the bill as discriminatory. Trumans veto was overridden by a vote of 278 to 113 in the House and 57 to 26 in the Senate. Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 The original 1952 Act has been amended many times over the years. The biggest change occurred with the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965. That bill was proposed by Emanuel Celler, cosponsored by Philip Hart, and heavily supported by Senator Ted Kennedy. The 1965 amendments abolished the national origins quota system, eliminating national origin, race or ancestry as a basis for immigration to the U.S. They established a preference system for relatives of U.S. citizens and permanent residents, and for persons with special occupational skills, abilities or training. They also established two categories of immigrants who would not be subject to numerical restrictions: immediate relatives of U.S. citizens and special immigrants. The amendments did maintain the quota restriction. They expanded limits to world coverage by limiting Eastern Hemisphere immigration and by placing a ceiling on Western Hemisphere immigration for the first time. Neither the preference categories nor the 20,000 per-country limit was applied to the Western Hemisphere, however. The 1965 legislation introduced a prerequisite for the issuance of a visa that an alien worker will not replace a worker in the U.S. nor adversely affect the wages and working conditions of similarly employed individuals.   The House of Representatives voted 326 to 69 in favor of the act, while the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 76 to 18. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the legislation into law on July 1, 1968. Other Reform Bills Some immigration reform bills that would amend the current INA have been introduced into Congress in recent years. They include the Kennedy-McCain Immigration Bill of 2005 and the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007. This was introduced by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and co-authored by a bipartisan group of 12 senators including Senator Ted Kennedy and Senator John McCain. None of these bills made it through Congress, but the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act toughened up border control and clamped down on welfare benefits for legal aliens. The REAL ID Act of 2005 was then passed, requiring proof of immigration status or citizenship before states can issue certain licenses. No less than 134 bills regarding immigration, border security, and related issues were introduced in Congress as of mid-May 2017.   The most current version of the INA can be found on the USCIS website under Immigration and Nationality Act in the Laws and Regulations section.

Corporate performance, abnormal profits and sectoral differences Essay

Corporate performance, abnormal profits and sectoral differences - Essay Example Whereas some people consider the quantity of firms assets as an indicator of its performance, economists use different approaches such the efficiency in which firm or industry utilize its resources to generate income. Firms operating in the same industry exhibit dissimilar performance while even firms operating under different industries have depicted similar performance trends (Rumelt, 1991, p.179). Therefore, it is not clear as to what exactly determines performance of the firms since some people thinks that directors of the company and the environmental conditions play a significant role in firm performance. One of the key determinants of firm’s performance is the level of resource endowment. Firms are endowed with different resources and this could result to improved performance of the company regardless of the industry in which it operates (Rosenzweig, 2007, p.11). Firms with large resource base enjoy economies of scale to due to large scale production. Therefore, those f irms are able to offer their products at a reduced price compared to their competitors who may be experiencing diseconomies of production. Furthermore such firms are able to use most efficient techniques in their operations as a result of intensive research and innovations. Another determinant of the performance of company is its market position. Firms which have differentiated products are able to enjoy significant market returns by influencing prices of the products as the market leaders. Customer loyalty to specific brand may result to some companies performing better than others in the same industry (Lecture 4, 2012). The market leaders usually set prices for the commodities while others just follow the decisions of the market leaders. Therefore, if firms are operating in an industry with differentiated products, then their performance will vary significantly depending on their position in the market in terms of market share. Some people use total assets as a measure of performa nce of the company hence, companies with vast resources are considered most successful. However, in Rumelt (1991, p.181) comparing economic profits of different firms operating in the same industry has shown that different firms with large resource base are not necessarily the best performing. Even firms with fewer resources have exhibited higher profit ratios to resources used. Economic profits in relation to resource used to generate the profit can better provide a comparison of performances of different firms across the industries (McGahan, and Porter, 1997, p.27). Regardless of the industry in the firm is operating, the level of their performances can be determined in relation to how much benefits can be obtained from the capital employed. The firm managers make probabilistic decisions. For example, the production activities are all based on the prediction of the market. However, in reality things changes and what was anticipated may never come to pass. Therefore, the performanc e of firm will depend on extent in which the predicted events match with real occurrences (Lecture 4, 2012). Sometimes, the managers have no control over the events that occur hence they influence much the performance of the firm. According to Hawawini, Subramanian and Verdin (2001, p.30), the Industry in which a firm belongs affects the overall performance of a company. Some industries are much specialized such as pharmaceuticals and engineering firms. Other

Weman administration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Weman administration - Assignment Example When it comes to intelligence, honesty, and another character traits the current women administrators are valued highly and the public rates them superior to their previous counterparts (Kantor 1). According to Kantor (1), in another survey, majority of American women are now the wage earners and providers in their households. The survey interviewed more than 1400 women; 40% of the women survey were single or divorced while 53% of them were the providers in their households. One-quarter of the married women in the survey said that they were earning more than their husbands. Previously such statistics was nonexistent (Kantor 1). Additionally, Perrett (1) says that colleges are graduating more women administrators than men under the 30 group. Women are currently earning more than men and occupy senior administration positions than men. In most companies, most women are found in senior management positions. Notably, the number of women in senior positions has increased over time. The IBR assessment, which engrosses both registered and privately-owned organizations, portrays that there has been a 4% growth in women in senior management positions from 2011 to 2012, with 24 percent of organizations with women in top management positions globally compared to 20 percent in 2011. Currently, the number of women administrators is at 24% as compared to their male counterparts. Additionally, younger women are earning more than older women; a significant indication that the younger women are getting more powerful. Most companies are employing women in their management and administration due to the proven capability of w omen. Examples of women leaders who appear to be stronger include the German chancellor Angela Merkel, former Google CEO who is now the current Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer and Mary Bara the CEO of one of the world’s leading car manufacturer, General Motors. In addition, the administration works of the first U.S lady Michelle Obama and the

The Reporter’s Privilege Essay Example for Free

The Reporter’s Privilege Essay For the last 34 years, over a thousand subpoenas were served to reporters of various news media organizations in the United States compelling them to testify and reveal their sources in all kinds of court cases. In 1999 alone, there were 1,326 subpoenas delivered to 440 news outlets according to the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (RCFP). This epidemic has threatened to destroy the freedom of the press, which is protected under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The source possesses valuable information and is the lifeblood of newsgathering. There will be no story without the source. Professional ethics demands that journalists should safeguard their sources even if it means facing jail terms and always keep the promise of confidentiality they make to the source. The American Society of Newspaper Editors Statement of Principles, Article VI states that â€Å"Pledges of confidentiality to news sources must be honored at all costs, and therefore should not be given lightly. On the other hand, the Radio-Television News Directors Association Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct cite that â€Å"Journalists should keep all commitments to protect a confidential source†. Therefore, it is imperative that journalists should not be forced to disclose their sources because it would undermine their constitutional function to inform the people and even destroy the American free press philosophy that the public has the right to know. Subpoenaing a journalist threatens to transform the independent press into an investigative arm of the government; it silences potential confidential sources, which reduces the flow of information to the citizenry; and it thereby violates the First Amendment. (Bates, 2000, p. 4,  ¶2). If it will give meaning to the First Amendment and the freedom of the press, then the reporter’s privilege must be kept sacred. RCFP Executive Director Lucy Daglish, in an interview with Newsweek in 2004, said that democracy operates because the media provides information to the citizenry. Columbia Journalism Review Executive Director Mike Hoyt describes the press as the oxygen of democracy. However, today’s trends of attacking the source seem unlikely when journalists are getting drowned in a sea of subpoenas and face a ritual of jailing. The courts have been contesting the reporter’s privilege in over 100 years but the press continues to withstand the test of time whether in the court rooms or in the corridors of power. When the government subpoenas journalists in criminal cases, additional concerns are raised. The media is said to serve many functions critical to a democracy. Among these are the tasks of informing the public, serving as watchdogs by checking government abuse, and holding individuals in a position to affect the public interest accountable for their actions. To fulfill these functions, journalists must remain independent of government. Subpoenas naturally reduce this independence, thus undermining the medias function in a democracy. (Schmid, 2002, Proponents Of the Journalists Privilege,  ¶4). Court Rulings. Unlike the attorney-client, doctor-patient, spousal, and therapist privileges, the judicial system still does not recognize the reporter’s privilege. A number of cases have already challenged and continue to challenge this controversial privilege resulting in high profile landmarks of court rulings. The first Supreme Court case that answered whether the First Amendment protects journalists from not revealing their source was the Branzburg versus Hayes in 1972. In 1969, Paul Branzburg of the Louisville Courrier-Journal wrote an article about the views of hippies and their plan to produce and sell marijuana. He used fictitious names to protect the identities of his source. He was subpoenaed to testify in a state grand jury that was investigating a local drug trade. He refused to name the men who were in possession of marijuana and was held in contempt. Not worried he wrote another expose detailing a pot session in Frankfort, Kentucky. He was brought back before a grand jury and asked to describe the criminal acts he had observed but he refused to testify. The case went on for two years that ended up with a Supreme Court ruling. In a 5-4 decision, the court did not recognize such privilege saying that the First Amendment does not protect journalists from not revealing their sources. The Court declared that journalists, like most citizens, must respond to relevant questions put to them in the course of a valid grand jury investigation or criminal trial. (Schmid, Supreme Court Precedent,  ¶2). In the course of news gathering, the reporter becomes an eyewitness to a crime, he or she is liable to testify before a grand jury. Branzburg was sentenced to six months in jail. But in a short concurrence by Justice Lewis Powell, he hoped that in the future the law might give way to a court-recognized privilege. In his argument Justice Potter Stewart gave a three-way test for qualified privilege: that a reporter possesses information relevant to the crime, that there is no other way to get the information and that there is a convincing and prevailing interest in the information. The court left the issue to congress whether to enact laws that would protect reporters from not testifying. As a result of Justices Powell and Stewart arguments that in one way or the other the press has some protection under the First Amendment shield laws were instituted by various states. Currently there are 31 states including the District of Columbia that institute this law. The law however varies in detail and scope according to state laws and has specific limits. Generally, only journalists working full-time in a recognized media organizations are covered and not freelancers or book writers. There are certain events that journalists are excluded from covering. Another threat to press freedom is the case of Judith Miller of the New York Times. After a series of court battles in 2004, Miller spent 85 days in prison for not divulging her source on the Palme leak. The case originated when Valerie Palme wife of a former ambassador Joseph Wilson was named in a series of articles revealing her true identity as a CIA agent. Her name was leaked by an official of President George Bush’s administration to the media. The leakage was considered a criminal offense. Under the Intelligence Identities Protection Act, a person who learns the identity of a covert agent like Plame from classified information can get ten years in jail for intentionally disclosing the agent’s identity. (McCollam, 2005, Out of Africa,  ¶3). Many reporters were subpoenaed including Miller. Refusing to testify she was found in contempt. She invoked her First Amendment right but was denied. She was only released when the source voluntary waived his right to confidentiality and came out. It was learned that Scooter Libby, the chief of staff of Vice President Dick Cheney, was the source of the leakage. There are so many other similar cases that hound American press freedom like James Taricani who served six months of house arrest in Rhode Island. In Washington five reporters were in contempt for the stories about nuclear scientist Wen Ho Lee named by the press as the source of giving secrets to the Chinese. Vanessa Leggett went to jail for 168 days rather than giving up her source of information while writing a book about a Houston murder. She was only released when the term of her appearance before a grand jury expired. These reporters are fighting for a principle that is sanctified by the constitution. Keeping the source is essential for public trust and to serve the interest of the people. Breaking that trust would only kill the foundation of press freedom and its purpose. Disclosing the whistle blowers would endanger lives in acts of retaliation against them especially from the government. The relationship of journalists to their sources comprises one of the most criticalyet perplexingareas of reporting. Without sources, there would be no stories. The better the source, the better the story. (Willis, 1990, p. 75). The Role of the Press. Since the beginning of the press in 1690 in Boston, Massachusetts, it has grown dramatically through time. In a democratic form of government the press is indeed necessary as Thomas Jefferson once said â€Å"The basis of our government being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.† To serve as check and balance, the constitution created three branches of government, the executive, legislative, and judiciary. However, these branches have now been infected with all sorts of corruptions and abuse of power. Thus the fourth estate was born, the press, to make sure democracy operates as it was envisioned by the founding fathers. In its early stage, the American press was used for propaganda by those who owned it. It was a lapdog that reported only what the publisher wants and solicits advertisements. What made it an instrument of democracy were the many voices that shaped opinion and caused freedom to fly across the country and the whole world. It has become the guardian of U.S. democracy. Today, it takes the role as the watchdog of government investigating anomalies making sure that officials do not violate the rights of the citizenry and become more transparent instead of operating in secrecy. Without the press, we would not have discovered the cheating activities of President Richard Nixon in the Watergate scandal or President Bush’s misleading tactics to justify the invasion of Iraq. Besides of informing, the press also educates, reforms, entertains, and incites. Far from its origins, the press today carries no ideology and not connected with any political party or government agency. At the turn of century, advocacy moved from news stories to editorial pages, where it has since stayed. News reporters of the twentieth-century claim to be politically detached and objective, unlike journalists of the previous era. To modern journalists, objective means an allegiance to the nonpartisan pursuit of factual accuracy. (Soley, 1992, p. 16). Despite criticisms, the press maintains its objectivity as the number guideline in reporting. The Project for Excellence in Journalism identified major trends in the press’ reporting style. The Journalism of Verification is the traditional style wherein reporters must substantiate their facts to come up with an accurate story. Then there is the Journalism of Affirmation where a reporter delivers the news with a point of view. In making its works more professional and transparent, the press empowers the public in judging the stories whether to believe it or not. From watchdog now comes the guide dog concept called civic journalism that focused on the role of the press in building communities. This brand of journalism challenges people to take part in resolving community problems. It aims to educate citizens about issues and current events so they can make civic decisions, engage in civic dialogue and action, and, generally, exercise their responsibilities in a democracy. (Schaffer, 2001,  ¶25). It reinforces the watchdog role but it does not tell how the public should think or act. This journalism delivers news that help communities cope up with difficult issues concerning their everyday life. The model serves as an alternative style that hopes to address the shortcomings of the press. The Code of Ethics. Journalists are guided by the code of ethics to ensure professional integrity and credibility in enlightening the citizenry. Different news organizations have their own ethics and standards but maintain common elements such as objectivity, accuracy, and confidentiality of sources. In its 50-page report in 1947, A Free and Responsible Press, the Hutchins Commission laid out the goals of journalistic performance. The report was written by eminent scholars and authors under Robert M. Hutchins, president of the Chicago University and has served as the basis of journalistic practices today. The Hutchins Commission identified five responsibilities, the fulfillment of which could serve as a measure of press performance. The press should (1) provide â€Å"a truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the days events in a context which gives them meaning, †a commitment evidenced in part by â€Å"objective reporting†; (2) be â€Å"a forum for the exchange of comment and criticism,† meaning in part that papers should be â€Å"common carriers† of public discussion, at least in the limited sense of carrying views contrary to their own; (3) project â€Å"a representative picture of the constituent groups in the society†; (4) â€Å"present and clarify the goals and values of the society†; and (5) provide â€Å"full access to the days intelligence, †thereby serving the publics right to be informed. (Baker, 2001, p. 154). The Society of Professional Journalists urged its members to always seek the truth by being honest, fair, and report the information rightly. A reporter must be accountable to the public about his news stories. He must act independently by being free from other interests other than serving the public’s right to know. He should minimize harm in treating sources. In pursuit of gathering data, the reporter must show compassion by being sensitive to sources that are negatively affected by the coverage. The journalist must recognize that in news gathering he or she can cause harm or discomfort to the source. Arrogance must not be displayed while collecting data and must be cautious in identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes. Sources must be treated fairly and professionally without inquiring pointlessly about their personal life nor threaten them if they do not cooperate. Reporters should always introduce themselves truthfully while interviewing their sources and not carry false identity just to get the information. Importantly, when the source wants to remain unknown, the journalist must respect that trust of confidentiality. The San Francisco Chronicles code offers one of the clearest treatments on the always-thorny matter of dealing with sources that want confidentiality. It reads in part: A reporter who pledges confidentiality to a source must not violate that pledge. If the reporter is asked by an editor for the identity of a source, the reporter should advise the source of the editors request. If the source wishes to withhold his or her identity from the editor, then the reporter and editor must decide whether or not to use the information even though the sources identity remains known only to the reporter. (Steele Black, 2001, Sources and Reporters). The Need for Shield Law. Notwithstanding the important function of the press in defending democracy, there are no sufficient laws in protecting its existence. All sectors of society especially the government depend on the press for timely information in order to make policies. In its 2005 annual report for press freedom rankings, the United States placed 44th falling 20 places from the previous years all because of the Miller case and the legal tactics that attack the privacy of journalistic sources. This is ironic since the country is the champion of democracy the world over. News organizations are now uniting forces to seek legislative action. However, several proposed bills have already been sent to congress but unfortunately no actions have been taken yet. Since Branzburg some 100 federal statutes have been introduced but failed to pass. The Free Flow of Information Act of 2005 is presently pending in the senate and congress. This act is in response to the jailing of Judith Miller. The legislation would prevent government officials from compelling a reporter to reveal a source unless it was determined by clear and convincing evidence that disclosure of the identity of the person is necessary to prevent imminent and actual harm to national security. (Durity, 2000,  ¶34). A federal shield law is important to safeguard the reporter in the performance of his/her duty. The move is for the federal government to recognize state’s interest in protecting the secrecy of sources and that no party may force a journalist to reveal his/her source or notes by suing the reporter in federal court. This poses dilemma for reporters whether to violate a court order and face jail or break the promise of source confidentiality and face public distrust. Subpoenas are burdensome to journalists because it consumes so much time and disrupts their work. A law could provide reporters for motion to quash subpoenas except when there is prevailing evidence that such information is really necessary and when there is no other way to obtain the information. The trend of compelling reporters to identify their sources has sent fears that the American free press is under attack and being used by the government in investigating its own deficiency particularly the leakage of classified documents. When the government fails to resolves its own problems, it may be tempted to enlist reporters in criminal acts as an easy way out. With an existing law, prosecutors and criminals defendants may seek other means or conduct investigations in acquiring information rather than depend on journalists by attacking their sources. Failing to define who qualifies as a journalist has delayed the passage of shield laws. Perhaps with an established ruling, this problem will be addressed giving courts standards and criteria to give judges guidance who qualifies for protection. This law is needed to standardize legal approaches to the privilege of reporters and to assure them that confidentiality to sources is respected. In effect, sources will feel safe and not disappear but will remain for future news stories. In a decision that strongly endorsed the principles on which the reporters privilege is based, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit observed, If reporters were routinely required to divulge the identities of their sources, the free flow of newsworthy information would be restrained and the publics understanding of important issues and events would be hampered in ways inconsistent with a healthy republic. (Ganett, 2006,  ¶7). Responding to the Miller incident, James Goodale, New York Times’ former vice chairman and general counsel, has encouraged the press to fight on and to guard the freedoms of First Amendment in order to come up with better laws. Nobody can dispute that the press has strong influence in every American citizen. It has molded American opinion and shaped government policies through time. Noted journalists have been recognized for their dedication in the profession. Reporters serve as link between government and its citizens and that of other nations. Because of the press, the world has become a global village promoting culture, language, and perhaps peace. Journalists deserve better. They deserve more than just subpoenas. They have earned their right for a privilege in serving and protecting the democracy of this country. References Bates, S. (2000). The Reporter’s Privilege: Then and Now. Research Paper R-23. The Joan Shorenstein Press Politics. Public Policy. Harvard University. John F. Kennedy School of Government. Schmid, Karl H. (2002). Journalists privilege in criminal proceedings: an analysis of United States Courts of Appeals decisions from 1973 to 1999. American Criminal Law Review. Date: 22-SEP-02. Retrieved October 30, 2006, from http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-2470495_ITM McCollam, D. (2005). Attack at The Source Why the Plame case is so scary. Columbia’s Journalism Review. America’s Premier Media Monitor. Columbia Universitys Graduate School of Journalism. Issue 2: March/April 2005. Retrieved October 30, 2006, from http://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/2/mccollam-plame.asp?printerfriendly=yes Willis, J. (1990). Journalism: State of the Art. Praeger Publsihers. New York. ISBN: 0275932443 Soley, L. C. (1992). The News Shapers: The Sources Who Explain the News. Praeger Publishers. New York. ISBN: 0275940330 Schaffer, J. (2001). The Role of the Media in Building Community. Pew Center for Civic Journalism. Global Issues. An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State. Volume 6, Number 1, April 2001. Baker, C. E. (2001). Media, Markets, and Democracy. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. ISBN: 0521009774 Steele, R Black, J. (2001). Media Ethics Codes and Beyond. Global Issues. An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State. Volume 6, Number 1, April 2001. Durity, L. (2000). Shielding Journalist – â€Å"Bloggers†: The Need To Protect Newsgathering Despite The Distribution Medium. Public Policy Studies. Duke University. Retrieved October 30, 206, from http://www.law.duke.edu/dev/journals/dltr/articles/2006DLTR0011.html Ganett Company, Inc. (2006). From Barbara Wartelle Wall: Legal Watch. 2000 Media Law Developments – Sources and Public Records. News Watch. Retrieved October 30, 2006, from http://www.gannett.com/go/newswatch/2000/december/nw1228-4.htm

Senses Lesson Plan Essay -- essays papers

Senses Lesson Plan TOPIC: The Five Senses OBJECTIVES: Knowledge: ï‚ · The students will understand the concept of the five senses that humans have. These five senses are touch, taste, sight, smell, and hearing. These senses make it possible for people to interact with others and get around in their daily lives. ï‚ · The learner will identify and observe the objects in mystery boxes by using touch only. ï‚ · The learner will identify and observe what various pieces of food are by using taste only. ï‚ · The learner will identify his or her surroundings, after being blindfolded and walked around the classroom. ï‚ · The learner will identify and observe the various smells of each object by using smell only. ï‚ · The learner will identify and observe various sounds made by the teacher using hearing only. Process Skills: ï‚ · Communication- The learner will communicate with a partner his or her observations about each of the five sense activities. ï‚ · Prediction- Students will predict what is in the box by using their five senses. Attitudes: ï‚ · Students will enjoy the challenge of solving the puzzle of what is in the box, and learning about the five senses. N.Y.S. STANDARDS (M/S/T): ï‚ · #1, Students will use scientific inquiry to pose questions as to what is in the mystery box and seek answers using their five senses. ï‚ · #4, Students will understand and apply scientific concepts about the senses pertaining to the physical setting and living environment through the realization that they use their senses in almost everything that they do. MATERIALS: Mystery boxes objects in mystery boxes lemons oranges apples blindfolds cherry lotion peach gel grape soap heartbeat sound box maracas worksheet on observations ORGANIZATION & TRANSITIONS: At the beginning of the session, the students will sit quietly in their desks, and they are asked to count to 10 and then start over. The students with the same number will form a group, mostly of two (about ten groups), and wait for further instructions from the teacher. Each group will pull away from the others and take turns coming up to the front station where the materials are set up. The groups will be competing to correctly guess what are in the boxes and what noises they hear (and the winners get can... ...2. Taste 3. Sight 4. Smell 5. Hearing (done as a class) Observations for the Five Senses Name:_______________ Date: _____________________ Directions: List three observations for each of the five senses. Try to remember what we did in each activity. Touch _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Taste _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Sight _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Smell _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Hearing _____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

Staff Training and Motivation at Mcdonalds

Training and Motivation at McDonalds McDonald trains almost 55,000 employees each year. Each year, it also   dedicates over A? 10 million to ongoing employee training, providing   people with valuable skills. Work experience at McDonald's is a foundation for future employability, particularly as the UK labour market continues to   evolve. With the increased demand for skilled workers, a job which   offers ongoing training with a leading organisation – is a solid   career investment. People from all walks of life credit a first job at   McDonald's with having equipped them with the ingredients for success.Staff Training McDonald's Staff Training Programme is an on-the-job vocational   experience that teaches skills transferable to other industries. All new hires begin their McDonald's experience with an induction into   the company. Staff trainers work shoulder-to-shoulder with trainees   while they learn the operations skills necessary for running each of   the 11 workstations in each restaurant, from the front counter to the   grill area. All employees-learn to operate state-of-the-art   foodservice equipment, gaining knowledge of McDonald's operational   procedures.Step-by-Step manuals and video tapes cover every detail, from how to   make a Big Mac, to how to deliver exceptional service to customers. Employees also learn how to train and supervise others. For the first time employed, McDonald's is an important â€Å"mentor',   teaching the interpersonal and organisational skills necessary for   functioning effectively on any job. McDonald's business demands   teamwork, discipline and responsibility; McDonald's experience results   in enhanced communications skills as well as greater self-confidence;   and McDonald's stresses â€Å"customer care†, and attitude which industry   experts ecognise as an essential ingredient for business success. Management Development Conducted at regional offices and corpora te training centres across   the country, McDonald's Management Development Program (MDP) continues   to develop the potential leaders which the Crew Training Programme has   nurtured. This is followed by a series of training courses designed to back up   what is learnt in the restaurant and develop management, communication   and leadership.The Management Training Centre (MTC) is McDonald's premier UK training   facility, providing a variety of business management and restaurant   operations courses to franchise and management employees throughout   the United Kingdom. The UK Management Training Centre currently puts   through approximately 1500 managers annually. The Management Training Centre runs three courses that give the skills   required by different levels of management, from restaurant shift   management to mid – management. The Basic Operations Course (BOC) equips trainee management candidates   with the skills to manage their people and run successful restaurant   shifts.The Advanced Operations Course (AOC) is predominantly for new   restaurant managers and department heads, It aims to enhance the   candidates leadership and management skills, enabling them to achieve   results in all areas of the business by working through and developing   their people. The Mid-Management Course (MMC) goes into further leadership skills   and management systems, helping these managers to effectively lead and   develop their restaurant managers. These three core courses are supported by courses and seminars run by   the Regional Training Centres. In addition, managers will work through   theaâ‚ ¬?Management Development Programme (MOP) back at the restaurant. MDP gives managers at all levels the technical and functional   management skills needed to maintain McDonald's leadership role in the   quick service restaurant industry. Manager Trainee As a Manager Trainee, you are responsible for learning and   unde rstanding McDonald's policies and procedures in order to prepare   for managing shifts in a McDonald's restaurant. The responsibilities   include, but are not limited to: aâ‚ ¬? Learning the basics of restaurant operations through on-site   training, area management and floor management. â‚ ¬? Gaining experience with attaining and maintaining customer   satisfaction. aâ‚ ¬? Developing an understanding of basic supervision, human relations,   interpersonal communication and follow-up skills. aâ‚ ¬? Establishing an Individual Development Plan to help focus on   personal career development objectives. aâ‚ ¬? Ensuring that a respectful workplace exists in the restaurant. From Manager Trainee you will move to the Second Assistant Manager   position where you actually begin to apply the skills you have learned   as a Manager Trainee. Second Assistant ManagerAs a Second Assistant Manager, you are responsible for managing   people, products and equipment to execute outstanding Quality,   Service, Cleanliness and Value (QSC;V) on all assigned shifts. The   responsibilities include, but are not limited to: aâ‚ ¬? Developing and training crew employees. aâ‚ ¬? Maintaining critical standards for product quality, service speed ;   quality, cleanliness ; sanitation. aâ‚ ¬? Managing shifts and/or areas without supervision aâ‚ ¬? Ensuring all safety, sanitation and security procedures are   executed. aâ‚ ¬? Controlling food components, labour, waste and cash while managing   shifts and or areas. aâ‚ ¬?Completing all assigned shift paperwork. aâ‚ ¬? Ensuring that a respectful workplace exists in the restaurant. The next level of restaurant management is the First Assistant   Manager. Here you will explore the business skills involved with   managing a restaurant. First Assistant Manager As a First Assistant Manager, you are responsible for assisting the   Restaurant Manager in executing virtually all aspects of the   restaurant operations. The responsibilities include, but are not   limited to: aâ‚ ¬? Demonstrating and reinforcing the leadership behaviours and basic   people standards necessary to gain commitment from crew and other   shift managers. â‚ ¬? Recruiting, staffing, scheduling and retaining employees. aâ‚ ¬? Managing the development and training of crew and shift management   employees. aâ‚ ¬? Building sales and controlling costs to deliver optimum business   results for all areas of accountability. aâ‚ ¬? Maintaining critical standards for product quality, service speed   and quality, cleanliness and sanitation. aâ‚ ¬? Controlling assigned profit and loss line items. aâ‚ ¬? Ensuring that a respectful workplace exists in the restaurant. The next level of restaurant management is the Restaurant Manager.Your performance and available positions will determine the time frame   for progression from First Assistant Manager to Restaurant Manage r. Restaurant Manager As a Restaurant Manager, you are responsible for the entire operation   of a single McDonald's restaurant, including: aâ‚ ¬? Developing and training Assistant Managers. aâ‚ ¬? Measuring external customer satisfaction and executing plans to   increase brand loyalty. aâ‚ ¬? Implementing and conducting in-restaurant new products and   procedures. aâ‚ ¬? Ensuring execution of all security, food safety and maintenance of   the restaurant. aâ‚ ¬?Projecting and controlling accurate profit & loss line items. aâ‚ ¬? Administering all in-restaurant records and procedures including   benefits, payroll, inventories, security and employee personnel flies. aâ‚ ¬? Ensuring that a respectful workplace exists in the restaurant. Opportunities beyond the Restaurant Manager position are also   available based on interest and performance. These opportunities are   as follows: Operations Consultant aâ‚ ¬? Provide leadership, coaching and directi on to assigned restaurants. aâ‚ ¬? Maximize long-term sales and profit potential of each restaurant. aâ‚ ¬?Build a positive business relationship with Restaurant Managers and   Restaurant Leadership Team Training Consultant aâ‚ ¬? Conduct training that motivates and improves individual's   performance and contribution to restaurant results. aâ‚ ¬? Serve as operations expert and consultant on McDonald's operation   standards, management tools and training systems. Business Consultant aâ‚ ¬? Consult to an assigned group of franchisees to optimize sales, QSC,   profit, and people development. aâ‚ ¬? Assist with maximizing the business potential for the franchisee   organization. Human Resources Consultant aâ‚ ¬?Provide leadership and support to the operations team, regional   staff and franchisees on Recruiting and Staffing Management/Crew   Employees, Employee Relations, Management Development, Diversity   Development, Benefits/Compensation and Man agement/Crew Retention   systems. Management Programs are also available for personal development, which   will prepare you for each step along the way. These opportunities are   as follows: Shift Management Program When you experience the Shift Management Program, you will receive   instruction through a combination of self-study modules and on-the-job   coaching.You'll also participate in the Basic Shift Management Course   and the Advanced Shift Management Course, which are offered by the   Regional Training Department. The Shift Management Program assists you in developing and sharpening   management skills in: aâ‚ ¬? Area Managements aâ‚ ¬? Food Safety aâ‚ ¬? Basic People Skills aâ‚ ¬? Respectful Workplace aâ‚ ¬? Delivering QSC;V aâ‚ ¬? Customer Satisfaction and Customer Recovery aâ‚ ¬? Shift Management* aâ‚ ¬? Coaching and Counselling aâ‚ ¬? Valuing Diversity aâ‚ ¬? Understanding the Business * Indicates self-study modules McDonald 's Internal SeminarsSeminars are designed to establish a common foundation of leadership   and management knowledge and skills for McDonald's officers. These   seminars will focus on key business issues identified by senior   management and create a platform for effective implementation of   strategic business initiatives. A team of McDonald's senior management   and external providers lead the seminars sessions. The external   providers are recognized leaders in their area and have extensive   experience consulting with and teaching executives. Types of Conflict Within the Business ————————————-By evaluating a conflict according to the five categories below —   relationship, data, interest, structural and value — we can begin to   determine the causes of a conflict and design resolution strategies   that will have a higher probability of success. There are many type s of reasons why conflicts may happen between Human   Resources Functions, such as; Relationship Conflicts ====================== Relationship conflicts occur because of the presence of strong   negative emotions, misperceptions or stereotypes, poor communication   or miscommunication, or repetitive negative behaviours. Relationship   problems ften fuel disputes and lead to an unnecessary escalating   spiral of destructive conflict. Supporting the safe and balanced   expression of perspectives and emotions for acknowledgment (not   agreement) is one effective approach to managing relational conflict. Data Conflicts ————– Data conflicts occur when people lack information necessary to make   wise decisions, are misinformed, disagree on which data is relevant,   interpret information differently, or have competing assessment   procedures. Some data conflicts may be unnecessary since they are   caused by poor communication between the people in conflict.Other   data conflicts may be genuine incompatibilities associated with data   collection, interpretation or communication. Most data conflicts will   have â€Å"data solutions. † Interest Conflicts —————— Interest conflicts are caused by competition over perceived   incompatible needs. Conflicts of interest result when one or more of   the parties believe that in order to satisfy his or her needs, the   needs and interests of an opponent must be sacrificed. Interest-based   conflict will commonly be expressed in positional terms.A variety of   interests and intentions underlie and motivate positions in   negotiation and must be addressed for maximized resolution. Interest-based conflicts may occur over substantive issues (such as   money, physical resources, time, etc. ); procedural issues (the way the   dispute is to be resolved); and psychological issues (perceptions of   trust, fairn ess, desire for participation, respect, etc. ). For an   interest-based dispute to be resolved, parties must be assisted to   define and express their individual interests so that all of these   interests may be jointly addressed.Interest-based conflict is best   resolved through the maximizing integration of the parties' respective   interests, positive intentions and desired experiential outcomes. Structural Conflicts ==================== Forces external cause structural conflicts to the people in dispute. Limited physical resources or authority, geographic constraints   (distance or proximity), time (too  little  or too much), organizational   changes, and so forth can make structural conflict seem like a crisis. It can be helpful to assist parties in conflict to appreciate the   external forces and constraints bearing upon them.Structural   conflicts will often have structural solutions. Parties' appreciation   that a conflict has an external source can h ave the effect of them   coming to jointly address the imposed difficulties. Value Conflicts =============== Value conflicts are caused by perceived or actual incompatible belief   systems. Values  are beliefs that people use to give meaning to their   lives. Values explain what is â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad,† â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong,†Ã‚   â€Å"just† or â€Å"unjust. † Differing values need not cause conflict. People   can live together in harmony with different value systems.Value   disputes arise only when people attempt to force one set of values on   others or lay claim to exclusive value systems that do not allow for   divergent beliefs. It is of no use to try to change value and belief   systems during relatively short and strategic mediation interventions. It can, however, be helpful to support each participant's expression   of their values and beliefs for acknowledgment by the other party. Working Hours One fu nctions working hours may be flexible than another functions   working hours, the employees are prone to complain as they want more   flexible working hours as well. TechnologyThere may conflicts between different functions technology wise in a   sense that one function may get better technology than another   function, e. g. one function within human resources may get the newest   state-of-the-art computers so they will be able to work more   efficiently, as opposed to another function who may have computers   which are 4 or 5 years old so they will not be able to work as   efficiently, so the will complain and the business as a whole will not   work as efficiently. Placement ; Selection Placement and selection are both important factors to be considered   when assessing conflicts between human resources.This can be caused   by a many number of things such as, if a new employee has been   recruited into the business and as soon as he starts work the business    puts him as a manager, but there has been someone there working with   the business for 20 years and has worked his way up the hierarchy to   become assistant manager to the manager before and was looking to fill   in the place of manager but this new recruit has just filled that   place, the business will expect them to work together, but they will   be conflicts between the two managers. WagesOne-function employees might get paid more for the same job that   another functions employees are doing. This will cause friction   between the functions as pay is a high motivation factor in how   efficiently the staff work. Training/Costs Training and costs are a major conflict factor as they contribute a   lot to the efficiency of the function, for example if a function has   better training and training facilities they will be able to work more   efficiently. As apposed to a function who has little money to spend on training and bad training facilities, this wi ll result in poor   training throughout the function and poor efficiently.Performance Management Performance management is the systematic process by which an agency   involves its employees, as individuals and members of a group, in   improving organizational effectiveness in the accomplishment of agency   mission and goals. The revisions made in 1995 to the Government wide performance   appraisal and awards regulations support sound management principles. Great care was taken to ensure that the requirements those regulations   establish would complement and not conflict with the kinds of   activities and actions practiced in effective organisations as a   matter of course.Planning In an effective organization, work is planned out in advance. Planning   means setting performance expectations and goals for groups and   individuals to channel their efforts toward achieving organizational   objectives. Getting employees involved in the planning process will   he lp them understand the goals of the organization, what needs to be   done, why it needs to be done, and how well it should be done. The regulatory requirements for planning employees' performance   include establishing the elements and standards of their performance   appraisal plans.Performance elements and standards should be   measurable, understandable, verifiable, equitable, and achievable. Through critical elements, employees are held accountable as   individuals for work assignments or responsibilities. Employee   performance plans should be flexible so that they can be adjusted for   changing program objectives and work requirements. When used   effectively, these plans can be beneficial working documents that are   discussed often, and not merely paperwork that is filed in a drawer   and seen only when ratings of record are required. Monitoring ———-In an effective organization, assignments and projects are monitored   continually. Monitoring well means consistently measuring performance   and providing ongoing feedback to employees and work groups on their   progress toward reaching their goals. Regulatory requirements for monitoring performance include conducting   progress reviews with employees where their performance is compared   against their elements and standards. Ongoing monitoring provides the   opportunity to check how well employees are meeting predetermined   standards and to make changes to unrealistic or problematic standards.And by monitoring continually, unacceptable performance can be   identified at any time during the appraisal period and assistance   provided to address such performance rather than wait until the end of   the period when summary rating levels are assigned. DEVELOPING ———- In an effective organization, employee developmental needs are   evaluated and addressed. Developing in this instance means increasing   the capacity to perform through training, giving assignments that   introduce new skills or higher levels of responsibility, improving   work processes, or other methods.Providing employees with training   and developmental opportunities encourages good performance,   strengthens job-related skills and competencies, and helps employees   keep up with changes in the workplace, such as the introduction of new   technology. Carrying out the processes of performance management provides an   excellent opportunity to identify developmental needs. During planning   and monitoring of work, deficiencies in performance become evident and   can be addressed. Areas for improving good performance also stand out,   and action can be aken to help successful employees improve even   further. RATING —— From time to time, organizations find it useful to summarize employee   performance. This can be helpful for looking at and comparing   performance over time or among various employee s. Organizations need   to know who their best performers are. Within the context of formal performance appraisal requirements,   rating means evaluating employee or group performance against the   elements and standards in an employee's performance plan and assigning   a summary rating of record.The rating of record is assigned according   to procedures included in the organization's appraisal program. It is   based on work performed during an entire appraisal period. The rating   of record has a bearing on various other personnel actions, such as   granting within-grade pay increases and determining additional   retention service credit in a reduction in force, although group   performance may have an impact on an employee's summary rating, a   rating of record is assigned only to an individual, not to a group. Rewarding ——— In an effective organization, rewards are used well.Rewarding means   recognizing employees, individually and as members of groups, for   their performance and acknowledging their contributions to the   agency's mission. A basic principle of effective management is that   all behaviour is controlled by its consequences. Those consequences   can and should be both formal and informal and both positive and   negative. Good performance is recognized without waiting for nominations for   formal awards to be solicited. Recognition is an ongoing, natural part   of day-to-day experience. A lot of the actions that reward good   performance – ike saying â€Å"Thank you† – don't require a specific   regulatory authority. Nonetheless, awards regulations provide a broad   range of forms that more formal rewards can take, such as cash, time   off, and many no monetary items. The regulations also cover a variety   of contributions that can be rewarded, from suggestions to group   accomplishments. Managing Performance Effectively ———— ——————– In effective organizations, managers and employees have been   practicing good performance management naturally all their lives,   executing each key component process well. Goals are set and work is   planned routinely.Progress toward those goals is measured and   employees get feedback. High standards are set, but care is also taken   to develop the skills needed to reach them. Formal and informal   rewards are used to recognize the behaviour and results that   accomplish the mission. All five-component processes working together   and supporting each other achieve natural, effective performance   management. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Writers such as FW Taylor (1856 – 1915) believed workers would be   motivated by obtaining the highest possible wages through working in   the most efficient / productive way.In short, the more money you   offer the worker, the more motivated they will be to work. Ta ylor,   identified as the Father of Scientific Management, was obsessed with   optimising efficiency and productivity in all areas of life. (Whilst   out walking he would attempt to ascertain the optimum length of stride   required to cover a distance! ). His most well known research focused   on scientifically analysing the tasks performed by workers, and it is   through these studies that we can understand Taylor's approach to   motivation of the worker.Through the scientific study of work Taylor sought to enable the   worker to achieve the maximum level of output, and in return gain the   maximum financial reward for their labour. The best way to pay a   worker according to Taylor was on a performance related basis. In one   study he looked at the work of steel workers, and by identifying the   optimum load of coal per shovel, which would enable the worker to lift   the maximum tonnage each day, the steel works plant reduced its   workforce from 600 to 140.The reward for those workers lucky enough   to keep their jobs – 60% higher wages if they met their scientifically   calculated targets for the week, by following the instructions laid   down by Taylor, on how to do their jobs. Unfortunately, the way in which Taylor appeared to view the ‘worker'   as just a pair of hands, and the job losses, which seemed to follow   him round the companies he advised, labelled Taylor as ‘The Enemy of   the Worker'. In truth, F. W. Taylor only sought to enable the worker to   reach their full earning potential, and honestly believed his work was   in the best interests of the worker.Subsequent motivational theorists have pointed to Taylor's limited   appreciation of the fact that ‘workers' are you and me – people,   complex individuals, with heads and hearts – and not just simple pairs   of hands. This said, Taylor's ideas are just as prevalent today as   they were in the early 1900s , consider the current wave of dot. com   start-ups, which offer large share options to their staff, and thus   the potential for huge financial rewards in the future, if they work   hard now. There is no escaping the fact that money is still a central   reason why people work, but is it the key to motivating people.