Marriage and Slavery

Marriage and Slavery Free Online Research Papers One keeps an eye on drink is another keeps an eye on poison! There are numerous contrasts among marriage and servitude, yet I accept that marriage in numerous designs is entirely practically identical to subjugation. People that craving marriage, instead of having long haul monogamous duties on great confidence, need to be slaves and to have a slave consequently. Marriage is tantamount to subjugation due to the crazy, not trust yet â€Å"demand† of supreme monogamy, implemented by the lawful framework on punishment of losing property and being stamped authoritatively as a miscreant; but since like a slave, what is your property turns into their property. In a specific way the loss of distinction adds up to fundamentally the same as sentiments of commitment and penance that can be related with servitude. The issue, through my eyes, starts with individuals inescapably seeking after marriage as an objective. In spite of their more advantageous needs and wants, this social infection running out of sight is wrecking their program. As opposed to searching for a perfect accomplice they look for a slave, which implies they will search out somebody who triggers reliance in excess of an aware relationship. Shockingly thus individuals will in general settle, which at last prompts misery and sentiments of disappointment. There are folks hitched to ladies who deny them of sex and treat them like cash machines. Consequently, those folks will in general defy the frightened guideline of monogamy because of stirred up sentiments and in this manner an absence of positive correspondence. By and large, there are ladies who are hitched to folks that deny them of straightforward opportunities. For instance, they may not be permitted to connect with specific individuals of their loved ones because of sent iments of frailty. Spouses feel that the wives would be conditioned into leaving despite the fact that there were no authentic motivations to do as such. My folks chiefly got lawfully wedded because of the way that they were pregnant with me, but since of this game plan; it cost my mom an actual existence time of companions and individual objectives. I would suspect that a slave likewise forfeits individual objectives, family, and companions. Marriage is a three-ring bazaar: wedding band, wedding band, and languishing! Love will be love, and marriage is neither love nor an outflow of adoration; it’s a legitimate agreement. Those, for whom marriage is really significant, dont require an agreement of any kind to share the sentiments and feelings related with marriage. They additionally share center morals and values and dont treat each other like slaves. They regard each other as people with decisions, one decision of which is to leave. There are individuals that have been together for various years being selective to just each other with no agreements, services, or whatever else related with the possibility of marriage. Their connections are sound, cherishing, and satisfying. When inquired as to why they decide to keep the relationship untitled by the name of marriage, their answer is basically â€Å"we love each other profoundly and we needn't bother with any proper game plan to communicate our affections for one another.† The inquiry is, is it actually this straightforward? I trust it is and don’t see the need to muddle things. Marriage fills certain needs, fundamentally legitimate, and gives numerous common advantages to individuals who do as such; like tax reductions, lodging benefits, and some of the time military advantages. In general, marriage doesn't establish anything besides an agreement between two consenting individuals. There is a distinction with regards to bondage, as in the slave is definitely not a consenting gathering. In any case, if you’re blinded by deceiving sentiments and feelings when entering a marriage there is a solid chance that much like a slave you will acquire sentiments of bondage and languishing. As the truism goes, â€Å"be cautious for what you wish for.† Examination Papers on Marriage and SlaveryHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Extended Essay Topics: Microeconomics Extended Essay Topics

Extended Essay Topics: Microeconomics Extended Essay TopicsMicroeconomics is the study of individual and household production and consumption. A full program of this type involves the study of consumer behavior in economic exchanges. In the extended essay, you will not only study the different policies that are used to manage a country's economy. You will also examine the origins of the world's monetary systems, their implications, and their effects on current economic conditions.The extended essay topics often go beyond the textbook and are more complex in nature. They are designed to allow students to expand their knowledge and earn a degree in microeconomics. A majority of the online institutions that offer the course to teach it in this manner.You will learn about the family and how it all functions in the family unit. You will explore how an individual or family can change the way they live. You will learn how everyone in the family interacts and what decisions they make togethe r. You will also study how the family affects the community and other people in that community.The materials used for the class also include information about wages, hours worked, and income level. Your money comes from your earnings and how you use it. You will understand how a business makes profits and how to use it to earn extra income. You will learn how to save your earnings so that you will have money when you need it.You will also study how income is distributed among your family history, the number of generations in the family, and the age distribution of your family. These are all part of the complicated definition of economics that determines how the economy works. When you learn how your family functions and what influences the family, you will be able to understand how the entire economy operates.You will be able to identify how economics affects the political and social world as well. You will see how economic policies and laws affect the overall social structure. And you will understand how these policies and laws will affect the economy.A great example of how it effects the family circumstances is how it affects how they save. Saving enables people to meet life's needs and aspirations. It is the foundation on which any economy or society rests.The family dynamics can have an impact on society at large. It can be seen in how crime rates are controlled. When a family cannot meet its basic needs, crime rates will rise. And when money becomes a problem, this can contribute to social and political problems.

Biography of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England

History of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England Elizabeth Woodville (1437â€June 7 or 8, 1492, and referred to differently as Lady Gray, Elizabeth Gray, and Elizabeth Wydevill) was the ordinary citizen spouse of Edward IV, who had a keyâ role in the War of the Roses and in the progression fight between the Plantagenets and Tudors. She is most popular today as a character in Shakespeares Richard III (as Queen Elizabeth) and the title character in the 2013 TV series The White Queen. Quick Facts: Elizabeth Woodville Known For: An average person who was bound to become wife of Edward IV, mother of Edward V, sister-in-law of Richard III, relative of Henry VII and grandma of Henry VIIIBorn: About 1837 in Grafton, country NorthamptonshireParents: Jacquetta, Duchess of Bedford and Sir Richard WoodvilleDied: June 7 or 8, 1492.Spouse(s): Sir John Gray (ca. 1450â€1461); Edward IV (1464â€1483)Children: Two with John Gray (Thomas Gray (Marquess of Dorset) and Richard Gray) and 10 with Edward IV (Elizabeth of York who wedded Henry VII; Mary; Cecily; Edward V; Margaret; Richard; Anne who wedded Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey); George; Catherine who wedded William Courtney, Earl of Devon; and Bridget. The two rulers in the pinnacle were Richard and Edward V Early Life Elizabeth Woodville was most likely conceived at Grafton in country Northamptonshire, England, around 1437, the oldest of the 12 offspring of Richard Woodville and Jacquetta de Luxembourg. Elizabeths mother Jacquetta was the little girl of a Countâ and a relative of Simon de Montfort and his better half Eleanor, the girl of Englands King John. Jacquetta was the well off and childless widow of the Duke of Bedford, sibling of Henry V, when she wedded Sir Richard Woodville. Her sister-in-law Catherine of Valois additionally wedded a man of lower station after she was bereft. Two ages later, Catherines grandson Henry Tudor wedded Jacquettas granddaughter, Elizabeth of York. Jacquettas second spouse and Elizabeths father was the less aristocratic region knight Sir Richard Woodville. At 7 years old, Elizabeth was sent to another landed family (a custom of the period was to exchange youngsters with the goal that they would have social contacts later on), most likely Sir Edward Gray and his better half Elizabeth, Lady Ferrers. There, she had formal exercises in perusing, writing (in English, French, and Latin), and an establishing in law and science. The Woodville family was affluent when Elizabeth was conceived, yet as the Hundred Years War slowed down and the Wars of the Roses strife started, the familys accounts became perplexed, and therefore, Elizabeth wedded John Gray (seventh Baron Ferrers of Groby) in 1452 when she was around 14 years old. The as of late knighted Gray was killed at the Second Battle of St. Albans in 1461, battling for the Lancastrian side in the Wars of the Roses. Elizabeth requested of Lord Hastings, Edwards uncle, in a debate over land with her relative. She orchestrated a marriage between one of her children and one of Hastings girls. Parentage Eleanor of Aquitaine, mother of King John of England, was the eighth distant grandma of Elizabeth Woodville through her mom Jacquetta. Her spouse Edward IV and child in-law Henry VII were, obviously, additionally relatives of Eleanor of Aquitaine. Elizabeth Woodville  Jacquetta of Luxembourgâ Margherita del Balzo Sueva Orsini Nicola Orsini Roberto Orsini Anastasia de Montfort Guy de Montfort Eleanor Plantagenet John of England Eleanor of Aquitaine Meeting and Marriage with Edward IV How Elizabeth met Edward isn't known for certain, however an early legend makes them appeal him by holding up with her children underneath an oak tree. Another story flowed that she was a sorceress who charmed him, yet she may have basically known him from court. Legend makes them give Edward, a known womanizer, a final proposal that they must be hitched or she would not submit to his advances. On May 1, 1464, Elizabeth and Edward wedded covertly. Edwards mother, Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, and Cecilys nephew, the Earl of Warwick who had been a partner of Edward IV in winning the crown, had been organizing a reasonable marriage for Edward with the French lord. At the point when Warwick got some answers concerning Edwards union with Elizabeth Woodville, Warwick betrayed Edward and reestablished Henry VI quickly to control. Warwick was executed fighting as were Henry and his child, and Edward came back to control. Elizabeth Woodville was delegated Queen in Westminster Abbey on May 26, 1465; both of her folks were available for the service. Elizabeth and Edward had three children and six girls Elizabeth of York who wedded Henry VII; Mary; Cecily; Edward V, quickly King of England (not delegated); Margaret; Richard, Duke of York; Anne who wedded Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey; George, Duke of Bedford; Catherine who wedded William Courtney, Earl of Devon; and Bridget. Elizabeth likewise had two children by her first spouse Thomas Gray, the Marquis of Dorset and Richard Gray. One was a precursor of the disastrous Lady Jane Gray. Family Ambitions Her broad and, apparently, aspiring family was supported intensely after Edward took the royal position. Her oldest child from her first marriage, Thomas Gray, was made Marquis Dorset in 1475. Elizabeth advanced the fortunes and progression of her family members, even at the expense of her prevalence with the nobles. In one of the most shocking occurrences, Elizabeth may have been behind the marriage of her sibling, 19 years of age, to the widowed Katherine Neville,â the well off Duchess of Norfolk, 80 years of age. Be that as it may, the getting a handle on notoriety was improved or made firstâ by Warwick in 1469 and later by Richard III, who had theirâ own explanations behind needing Elizabeths and her familys notorieties to be decreased. Among her different exercises, Elizabeth proceeded with her antecedents backing of Queens College. Widowhood At the point when Edward IV kicked the bucket unexpectedly on April 9, 1483, Elizabeths fortunes suddenly changed. Her spouses sibling Richard of Gloucester was delegated Lord Protector since Edwards oldest child Edward Vâ was a minor. Richard moved rapidly to hold onto influence, guaranteeing obviously with the help of his mom Cecily Neville-that the offspring of Elizabeth and Edward were ill-conceived in light of the fact that Edward had been already officially promised to another person. Elizabeths brother by marriage Richard accepting the position of authority as Richard III, detaining Edward V (never delegated) and afterward his more youthful sibling, Richard. Elizabeth took asylum. Richard III at that point requested that Elizabeth likewise turn over care of her little girls, and she went along. Richard endeavored to wed first his child, at that point himself, to Edward and Elizabeths most seasoned little girl, known as Elizabeth of York, planning to make his case to the position of authority progressively strong. Elizabeths children by John Gray participated in the fight to topple Richard. One child, Richard Grey,â was guillotined by King Richardsâ forces; Thomas joined Henry Tudors powers. Mother of a Queen After Henry Tudor vanquished Richard III at Bosworth Field and was delegated Henry VII, he wedded Elizabeth of York-a marriage organized with the help of Elizabeth Woodville and furthermore of Henrys mother, Margaret Beaufort. The marriage occurred in January 1486, joining the groups toward the finish of the Wars of the Rosesâ and making the case to the honored position progressively sure for the beneficiaries of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Sovereigns in the Tower The destiny of the two children of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV, the Princes in the Tower, isn't sure. That Richard detained them in the Tower is known. That Elizabeth attempted to orchestrate the marriage of her girl to Henry Tudor may imply that she knew, or if nothing else suspected, that the rulers were at that point dead. Richard III is for the most part accepted to have been liable for expelling the potential inquirers to the position of authority, yet some conjecture that Henry VII was dependable. Some have even proposed Elizabeth Woodville was complicit. Henry VII re-declared the authenticity of the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV. Elizabeth was the adoptive parent of the main offspring of Henry VII and her girl Elizabeth, Arthur. Passing and Legacy In 1487, Elizabeth Woodville was associated with plotting against Henry VII, her child in-law, and her share was seized and she was sent to Bermondsey Abbey. She kicked the bucket there on June 8 or 9, 1492. She was covered in St. Georges Chapel in Windsor Castle close to her better half. In 1503, James Tyrell was executed for the passings of the two rulers, children of Edward IV, and the case was that Richard III was dependable. Some later antiquarians have pointed their fingers at Henry VI. Actually there isn't a certain proof of when, where, or by what hands the sovereigns passed on. In Fiction Elizabeth Woodvilles life has fit numerous anecdotal delineations, however not regularly as the fundamental character. She seems to be, in any case, the principle character in the British arrangement, The White Queen. Elizabeth Woodville is Queen Elizabeth in Shakespeares Richard III. She and Richard are portrayed as severe foes, and Margaret curses Elizabeth with having her significant other and youngsters executed, as Margarets spouse and child were slaughtered by Elizabeths husbands supporters. Richard can beguile Elizabeth into turning over her child and consenting to his union with her little girl. Sources Baldwin, David. Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower. Gloucestershire: The History Press (2002). Print.Okerlund, Arlene N. Elizabeth of York: Queenship and Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2009). Print.

Duke University Early Decision Stats

Duke University Early Decision Stats December 13 Duke University has released its Early Decision statistics for the Class of 2019. Duke University has informed its applicants who will be members of the Class of 2019, who has been deferred, and who has been denied admission. In all, 3,180 students applied for admission via Dukes binding Early Decision policy. Of those 3,180 applicants, 26% gained admission. It marked the second most selective Early Decision round in the history of Duke University. We of course put quotes around most selective because a lower admission rate doesnt mean the university was more selective. It simply means the university was more successful at getting students to apply. After all, students with D averages and terrible SAT scores dont make an applicant pool more selective one bit. As weve been saying on our college admissions blog for years, words like these are all spin. And, love us or hate us, we dont stand for spin. Bill OReilly says his show is the no spin zone but love him or hate him he sure does have some conservative spin. We pride ourselves on no spin. Anyhow, according to an article on the 2019 Duke Early Decision stats  in Duke Today, Students admitted through Early Decision this year will represent 48 percent of next falls incoming class, which is expected to total 1,705 students. Of the 815 students offered admission, 652 will enroll in the Trinity College of Arts Sciences and the remaining 163 will enroll in the Pratt School of Engineering.  North Carolina, New York, California, Florida and New Jersey are the states with the greatest representation among students admitted through Early Decision. Students of color comprise 35 percent and international students make up nine percent of those admitted.  Last year, the university accepted 797 students through Early Decision. Dean of Undergraduate Admissions Christoph Guttentag said the increase in students admitted this year is a reflection of the quality of the applicants. If you were among the deferred students to Duke University, contact us today  to get started working on your letter of enthusiasm. Time is of the essence to get this letter in tip-top shape and get it into Duke. An ordinary letter just wont do. If you want to sway admissions officer to go to bat for you in the Regular Decision round if you want to stand out from the 598 students whose admission was deferred in Early Decision (and thats the number!) this letter has got to be exceptional. The letters of our students are, without question, exceptional.

Marriage By Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice

Hailey Shipp Mrs. Wilson Hon 11 24 March 2017 Marriages in the 19th Century For women in the 1800s, marriage was used to escape the uncertainty of the future, and was portrayed as an obligatory duty because women were entirely reliant on men. However, Jane Austen argued that people would marry strictly for money and stability, rather than true love. In Pride and Prejudice, she used Mrs. Bennet, Darcy, Mr. Bingley, and Jane as a way to introduce the topic of how society was during this era and the common misconceptions of stereotypes put on women. Women would marry these men to ensure that they would continue to have social and economic stability, and essentially have someone other than their parents to take care of them. Jane Austen†¦show more content†¦It is easy to conclude that Mrs. Bennet is not equipped enough for being the ideal woman that Gregory is so unbelievably fixated on describing and glorifying in his writing. She was an abominable woman who lived outside the social norms in complete ignorance. Mallory also shares these viewpoints by s aying, Mrs. Bennet is what most would call a ‘gold digger’. She s self-focused, and is known to make a fool of herself (Winger). Mrs. Bennet also ties into the theme that women would often marry for stability and security rather than true love. She is married to a man who was fixated on her looks and does not love or respect her. Mr. Bennet is conscious of his unsuccessful marriage and regrets marrying the prettiest woman without having to getting to know her beforehand. It was common for couples to marry quickly, hence why so many marriages at the time were shallow and fixated on wealth without taking their future happiness into consideration. Her beauty has deteriorated throughout the years, and Mr. Bennet quickly realizes her true character. He views her as an annoyance and belittles her every opportunity he receives. However, in modern society, Austen s opinion of marrying for love is now the standard. Austen uses Mr. And Mrs. Bennet s marriage as an argument that c ouples would marry for convenience andShow MoreRelatedMarriage in Jane Austen ´s Pride and Prejudice1399 Words   |  6 Pagestheir literary works. Jane Austen is only one example of this type of author who exemplifies a style of repetition by using repetitious themes. Theme is a very important literary element in any piece of literature. Themes teach the reader a life lesson, often times lending advice or a point of view. In Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, she uses themes which can also be found in other pieces of literature written by Austen. These themes deal with the subjects of; marriage, good breeding andRead MoreMarriage Vs. Love Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 1461 Words   |  6 PagesRomance 17 November 2015 Marriage vs. Love Jane Austen, author of Pride and Prejudice, wrote in an era where considerations of social class and economic status were central to the institution of marriage. This notion is demonstrated throughout the novel by exploring character’s ideas and definitions regarding love and marriage. The main character, Elizabeth, defies almost all stereotypes of early 19th century women in England. She, unlike Charlotte and Jane, believes that marriage is based around trueRead More Feminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, holds feminist views and uses the novel to show her opinions about womens issues. Pride and Prejudice is a personal essay, a statement of Jane Austens feelings about the perfect lady, marriage, and the relationship between the sexes. Jane Austens characters, plot, and dialogue are biased to reflect her beliefs. The biased process and importance of marriage are introduced with the first lineRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen799 Words   |  4 PagesMrs. Ricart English III A2 27 April 2015 Pride and Prejudice Society today puts a standard on marriage and makes sure that love is the reason for that marriage. In the novel, Jane Austen describes marriage as a benefit for social reasons rather than something true. Marriages are considered based on economic and social backgrounds. Austen shows how human feelings interact and are influenced by things that today would be considered morally wrong. Marriage is seen as a type of financial and socialRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1189 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature April 21, 2016 Jane Austen s use of Satire in Pride and Prejudice Set in Nineteenth-century England, Jane Austen s Pride and Prejudice is a satirical novel focused on the ideals of social class and marriage. Austen plays on social behavior to show a society in which a woman s character is of the ultimate importance. A lady is expected to behave in a specific way and breaking the set social norms can put her at risk of being ostracized. In the 1800 s there were very little financialRead More Essay on Love vs. Society in Pride and Prejudice943 Words   |  4 PagesLove vs. Society in Pride and Prejudice    Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice explores the English social standards during the early 1800s. It shows the emphasis on marriage, or, namely, whom you marry. This story consists of three marriages. 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Its themes and symbols are understandable to even the most modern of reader. One of the many themes is sisterhood, something that is focused on constantly throughout the novel. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel, finds many of her decisions to be based upon the actions of her sisters. Making sisterhood a main driving force. Whether they are confiding in each other for marriageRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1418 Words   |  6 PagesMa rriage is a fundamental topic in Jane Austen’s famous novel, Pride and Prejudice. Readers become invested in the lives of the Bennet sisters who are constantly dreaming of relationships. Still unknown, however, is Austen’s reason for writing this novel that is so extremely concentrated on marriage. Some critics believe that Austen wrote the novel to portray how different social classes affected the lives of women such as the Bennet sisters. Others, however, believe that the novel was writtenRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial stability. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen states that the desire for better social connections interferes with the workings of love through the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth to criticize the social class structure of the 19th century. Anxieties about social connections or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Jane Austen views love as something independent

George Saunders and Contemporary U.S. Life Essay - 1639 Words

George Saunders and Contemporary U.S. life Coming from an â€Å"unconventional† background, George Saunders is readily able to relate to the circumstances the everyday working laborer goes through (Wylie). However, Saunders has an advantage to spread out his ideas and concerns about life in the U.S. via his short stories and novellas. Because of neoliberalism and capitalism and its correlation to the huge wealth gap in the U.S. Saunders focuses his protagonists’ view from a proletariat standpoint, allowing the reader to see the life of consumerism has impacted our society. Saunders does not use conventional methods to portray this reality. Instead, Saunders emphasizes on the â€Å"absence† of certain moral human characteristics in order to take†¦show more content†¦While the narrator did show bits of compassion by giving Janet good reviews, the â€Å"absence† of that compassion in the end emphasizes how the need to take care of one and one’ s family, even at the cost of others, is necessary when life is overrun by an unfair separation of class. You could also take Jon and his brief abandonment of his wife and child. Growing up in luxury, Jon is reluctant to give up his life for the ‘outside world’ where â€Å"every morning these bummed-out looking guys in the plainest non-desginer clothes ever would trudge out and get into their junky cars† (In Persuasion Nation 47). Being kept in a building all his life as a commercial tester, Jon knows nothing of how to express himself without his gargadisk. Nonetheless, he doesn’t know how to support himself out in the world because everything to he needs to live in comfort is given to him. When his wife Carolyn wants to go â€Å"Out† because of their child, Jon is afraid to take that chance of being unintelligible and ‘designer’-less. Jon is dependent on what was given to him for lack of knowledge how to do what else. He was kept and t rained under one management, not allowed to experience anything else but luxury. Likewise, the absence of true, experienced, knowledge is underShow MoreRelatedThe United States Supreme Court2944 Words   |  12 Pagesby effectively affirming an assertion to explain the Constitution and subsequently supplant the Constitution as supreme law in the commonplace sequence of arbitration and by the end of his judgeship firmly supplanted the Supreme Court’s role in the U.S. system of government. 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Management A Systems Approach To Planning -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management A Systems Approach To Planning? Answer: Introduction Cost estimation involves the process of making an estimation regarding the cost of labor, material, infrastructure and the tools that should be incorporated to complete the project undertaken (Mislick Nussbaum, 2015). It is definitely one of the major responsibilities that project management must control with expertise. It can be considered as a driving force or better to say the impending factor that decides the future performance of the project (Pinto , 2015). Therefore, it is not difficult to realize the importance of the implementing proper cost estimation technique for managing a project with success. Difference Between Estimation And Target Or Goal : The words estimate is rather confusing and it is easily mistaken with target or goal. Estimation requires realistic assessment which involves facts related to the work previously conducted, as well as necessary resources , constrains and the environment closely associated with the project of interest. Whether Target or Goal can be attributed to the desired outcome or something that is committed or promised beforehand (Chih Zwikel , 2015 ). The author mentions that after the work is completed or result is obtained the estimation can be compared to the set goal or target to find necessary changes related to the origins of cost like work resources, workforce so that the modification can be done effectively. It is important to perform the estimation independently without any reference to the target and goal for better results. Once the outcome is revealed, it can then be altered by making necessary changes in the resources to meet the expectation of the set target as perfect as possible, but not before that. Preparing work responsibilities and necessary cost estimation: At the beginning of cost estimation procedure, the project is divided into smaller modules in terms of design, engineering, development and fabrication. Various team members under different work department related to the project meet with the team lead to decide corresponding team task and an estimated cost to execute the operations (Kerzner Kerzner ,2017). The work can be either completely developmental in nature or something that follows the existing or off- the-shelf (OTS) designs. The work based on the developmental model is usually difficult to execute as compared to the work based on OST , as the former requires expertise in terms of designing, testing and fabrication and as a result the cost estimation is often full of uncertainty which makes the it much more difficult to execute. Estimated cost is categorized into recurring and non recurring cost. Estimation cost can occur more than once during the project as it is associated with tasks which happens periodically, for example work related to testing and quality assurance. Non recurring cost is something that needs one time investment and happens only once in the project execution. To ensure better results there should be effective communication between the technical and financial team in order to better understand the estimation procedure and implement it successfully. Cost estimation techniques: To determine cost estimation four basic techniques are followed: opinion by expert, estimation with analogy, parametric estimation, and cost engineering (Tofallis , 2015). Opinion by expert: An expert opinion is referred to the estimation given by an expert who has an expertise in the particular field related to the project. However, expert opinion has some drawbacks as well. it is only useful when the project is in the conceptual phase. Apart from that expert opinion is also used when the topic of the project is not well defined or something that is unique and no similar project is conducted before from where ideas and comparison can be drawn to make decision. Estimation with analogy: An analogical estimation is prepared by making a thorough review of the cost management previously adopted in some projects similar in nature. This method can be adopted at any stage of the project execution (Idri , azzahra Abran , 2015). It is possible to assess general venture cost from the cost of a similar project; work bundle cost can be evaluated from similar bundle cost, practically equivalent to work packages; and errand cost can be evaluated from assignments that share similar structure. When a similar project is compared to evaluate cost estimation there can be difference between them in terms of time, scale ,location and complexity of the project. To make a successful estimation it is important to analyze those factors properly. As an example, if a project was performed 2 years before and a similar project needs to be executed one year from the present date, cost from the previous project needs to be adjusted for the inflation and price changes that may have occurred within the span three years. Parametric estimation: Parametric estimation is prepared with the help of empirical or mathematical model. Parametric estimation can be made with or without the help of an analogical project. The analogical project is usually taken into consideration when there is a need of cost scaling. However when the cost depends on the system or project parameters like volume , speed, capacity and performance, independent estimation is always preferred (Yang Li , 2015). Cost engineering: Cost engineering is another important aspect that decides the quality of cost estimation management. Cost engineering involves the analysis of cost , applied to individual cost categories related to the project works (Etienne et al. , 2017). The analysis is carried out in detailed manner to make the estimation more accurate and effective. The analysis follows bottomup approach by dividing the project into smaller activities or work modules which is further narrowed down into different cost categories . Even though the technique provides very accurate prediction, it is very time consuming which can be thought as a drawback of the process. Conclusion The cost estimation techniques gives a quantitative analysis of the cost related to the resources that is needed to complete the projects. It gives an initial overview of the cost requirement that is important to prepare an rough outline to give the cost management an structured direction. The effective cost estimation can give any project management the desired success it needs, still it is hard to execute as the process is full of uncertainty and needs expert insights. Like any structure cannot exist for long without strong foundation, project management also needs strong baseline in order to be successful. Cost estimation plays an prime role in creating that baseline which eventually leads to success of any project in any sector References: Chih, Y. Y., Zwikael, O. (2015). Project benefit management: A conceptual framework of target benefit formulation.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 352-362. Etienne, A., Mirdamadi, S., Mohammadi, M., Malmiry, R. B., Antoine, J. F., Siadat, A., ... Martin, P. (2017). Cost engineering for variation management during the product and process development.International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM),11(2), 289-300. Idri, A., azzahra Amazal, F., Abran, A. (2015). 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